// TOM'S HARDWARE US — HARDWARE & GADGET
Motorless solid-state cooler uses heat to cool itself; could recycle processor heat into cooling — shape-memory alloy films could turn data center exhaust into refrigeration
Device could potentially help cool data centers without electricity
When you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission. Here’s how it works.
A team of scientists in Germany and Japan has demonstrated a solid-state cooling system that uses heat to generate the mechanical work required for refrigeration, potentially opening a route to processors and data centers that recycle some of their own waste heat for cooling. Developed by researchers at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) and the University of Tsukuba, the system — detailed in Nature Energy on August 28 — replaces the electrically powered actuator normally required for elastocaloric cooling with a heat-responsive shape-memory alloy, allowing the cooling cycle to run from an external heat source rather than a motor.
The prototype combines two ultra-thin metal films that serve as an actuator and a refrigerant. A 22-micrometer titanium-nickel (TiNi) shape-memory film contracts when heated, converting thermal energy into mechanical motion. This motion stretches and releases a 26.5-micrometer titanium-nickel-iron (TiNiFe) refrigerant film, triggering a reversible phase transition that produces cooling. In laboratory tests, Joule heating the actuator to 86°C produced a 12.9 K temperature span across the refrigerant film — the difference between its hottest and coldest states during the cooling cycle — and a 4.0 K span across the assembled cooling device, measured between its hot and cold sides. When the researchers replaced the resistance heating with an external 130°C heat source, the prototype still maintained a 2.2 K device-level temperature span, demonstrating that an external thermal source could drive the cooling mechanism.
Conventional refrigeration and air conditioning systems mostly use vapor-compression cooling. A compressor raises the pressure and temperature of a refrigerant, which then dumps heat in a condenser before expanding and evaporating at low pressure to absorb heat from the space being cooled. The technology is mature and efficient, but requires an electrically driven compressor and relies on refrigerants with significant global warming potential.
Solid-state cooling moves heat without the conventional compressor-and-refrigerant loop. Thermoelectric coolers, for example, use electrical current to create a temperature difference across semiconductor materials and are already common in compact electronics. However, the researchers note that thermoelectric devices typically reach only 10% to 15% of the theoretical reversed-Carnot efficiency limit, roughly one-quarter that of modern vapor-compression systems.
Elastocaloric cooling takes a different route. Certain shape-memory alloys change crystal structure when mechanically loaded and unloaded. Applying stress induces a phase transition that releases latent heat and warms the material. Once that heat is rejected, releasing the load reverses the transition, causing the material to absorb heat and cool. The solid alloy effectively becomes the refrigerant.
The problem is that the material still has to be repeatedly stretched and released. Existing elastocaloric systems generally use motors, hydraulic systems, or electromechanical actuators to provide the required force, adding electrical consumption, bulk, and mechanical complexity — particularly troublesome for miniature coolers. Instead, the KIT-Tsukuba team made one shape-memory alloy drive another. Heating the TiNi actuator film causes it to recover its original shape and contract. Mechanically coupled to the TiNiFe refrigerant film, that contraction supplies the force required for the cooling cycle. As the actuator heats and cools, it loads and unloads the refrigerant without an electric motor.
Broken down further, the system works as follows: the researchers take a shape-memory alloy (TiNiFe refrigerant film) that cools when released after being stretched. Instead of using a mechanical system to repeatedly stre